Here is a collection of articles on carbonyl sulfide research.
For a topic-specific, chronological list, use the drop-down menu under Literature.
For a topic-specific, chronological list, use the drop-down menu under Literature.
Global/Continental-scale Measurements and Modeling Efforts
Campbell, J. E., Whelan, M. E., Seibt, U., Smith, S. J., Berry, J. A. and Hilton, T. W.: Atmospheric carbonyl sulfide sources from anthropogenic activity: Implications for carbon cycle constraints, Geophys. Res. Lett., doi:10.1002/2015GL063445, 2015.
Berry, J., Wolf, A., Campbell, J. E., Baker, I., Blake, N., Blake, D., Denning, A. S., Kawa, S. R., Montzka, S. A., Seibt, U., Stimler, K., Yakir, D. and Zhu, Z.: A coupled model of the global cycles of carbonyl sulfide and CO2: A possible new window on the carbon cycle, J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosciences, 118(2), 842–852, doi:10.1002/jgrg.20068, 2013.
Campbell, J. E., Carmichael, G. R., Chai, T., Mena-Carrasco, M., Tang, Y., Blake, D. R., Blake, N. J., Vay, S. A., Collatz, G. J., Baker, I., Berry, J. A., Montzka, S. A., Sweeney, C., Schnoor, J. L. and Stanier, C. O.: Photosynthetic control of atmospheric carbonyl sulfide during the growing season, Science, 322(5904), 1085–1088, doi:10.1126/science.1164015, 2008.
Blake, N. J., Campbell, J. E., Vay, S. A., Fuelberg, H. E., Huey, L. G., Sachse, G., Meinardi, S., Beyersdorf, A., Baker, A., Barletta, B., Midyett, J., Doezema, L., Kamboures, M., McAdams, J., Novak, B., Rowland, F. S. and Blake, D. R.: Carbonyl sulfide (OCS): Large-scale distributions over North America during INTEX-NA and relationship to CO2, J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres, 113(D9), D09S90, doi:10.1029/2007JD009163, 2008.
Suntharalingam, P., Kettle, A. J., Montzka, S. M. and Jacob, D. J.: Global 3-D model analysis of the seasonal cycle of atmospheric carbonyl sulfide: Implications for terrestrial vegetation uptake, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35(19), doi:10.1029/2008GL034332, 2008.
Montzka, S. A., Calvert, P., Hall, B. D., Elkins, J. W., Conway, T. J., Tans, P. P. and Sweeney, C.: On the global distribution, seasonality, and budget of atmospheric carbonyl sulfide (COS) and some similarities to CO2, J Geophys Res Atmos, 112, doi:10.1029/2006JD007665, 2007.
Sandoval-Soto, L., Stanimirov, M., Von Hobe, M., Schmitt, V., Valdes, J., Wild, A. and Kesselmeier, J.: Global uptake of carbonyl sulfide (COS) by terrestrial vegetation: Estimates corrected by deposition velocities normalized to the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO2), Biogeosciences, 2(2), 125–132, doi:10.5194/bg-2-125-2005, 2005.
Kettle, A. J., Kuhn, U., von Hobe, M., Kesselmeier, J. and Andreae, M. O.: Global budget of atmospheric carbonyl sulfide: Temporal and spatial variations of the dominant sources and sinks, J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres, 107(D22), 1–16, doi:10.1029/2002JD002187, 2002.
Ice Core Records
Aydin, M., Fudge, T. J., Verhulst, K. R., Nicewonger, M. R., Waddington, E. D. and Saltzman, E. S.: Carbonyl sulfide hydrolysis in Antarctic ice cores and an atmospheric history for the last 8000 years, J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres, 119(13), 2014JD021618, doi:10.1002/2014JD021618, 2014.
Aydin, M., Williams, M. B., Tatum, C. and Saltzman, E. S.: Carbonyl sulfide in air extracted from a South Pole ice core: a 2000 year record, Atmos Chem Phys, 8(24), 7533–7542, doi:10.5194/acp-8-7533-2008, 2008.
Montzka, S. A., Aydin, M., Battle, M., Butler, J. H., Saltzman, E. S., Hall, B. D., Clarke, A. D., Mondeel, D. and Elkins, J. W.: A 350-year atmospheric history for carbonyl sulfide inferred from Antarctic firn air and air trapped in ice, J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres, 109(D22), doi:10.1029/2004JD004686, 2004.
Aydin, M., De Bruyn, W. J. and Saltzman, E. S.: Preindustrial atmospheric carbonyl sulfide (OCS) from an Antarctic ice core, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(9), 73–1–73–4, doi:10.1029/2002GL014796, 2002.
Sturges, W. T., Penkett, S. A., Barnola, J.-M., Chappellaz, J., Atlas, E. and Stroud, V.: A long-term record of carbonyl sulfide (COS) in two hemispheres from firn air measurements, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28(21), 4095–4098, doi:10.1029/2001GL013958, 2001.
Reviews
Wohlfahrt, G., Brilli, F., Hörtnagl, L., Xu, X., Bingemer, H., Hansel, A. and Loreto, F.: Carbonyl sulfide (COS) as a tracer for canopy photosynthesis, transpiration and stomatal conductance: potential and limitations, Plant Cell Environ., 35(4), 657–667, doi:10.1111/j.1365-3040.2011.02451.x, 2012.
Brimblecombe, P.: The Global Sulfur Cycle, in Treatise in Geochemistry, vol. 8, edited by H. D. Holland and Turekian, pp. 645–682., 2003.
Watts, S. F.: The mass budgets of carbonyl sulfide, dimethyl sulfide, carbon disulfide and hydrogen sulfide, Atmos. Environ., 34(5), 761–779, doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00342-8, 2000.
Eddy Flux Covariance
Billesbach, D. P., Berry, J. A., Seibt, U., Maseyk, K., Torn, M. S., Fischer, M. L., Abu-Naser, M. and Campbell, J. E.: Growing season eddy covariance measurements of carbonyl sulfide and CO2 fluxes: COS and CO2 relationships in Southern Great Plains winter wheat, Agric. For. Meteorol., 184, 48–55, doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2013.06.007, 2014.
Maseyk, K., Berry, J. A., Billesbach, D., Campbell, J. E., Torn, M. S., Zahniser, M. and Seibt, U.: Sources and sinks of carbonyl sulfide in an agricultural field in the Southern Great Plains, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 111(25), 9064–9069, doi:10.1073/pnas.1319132111, 2014.
Asaf, D., Rotenberg, E., Tatarinov, F., Dicken, U., Montzka, S. A. and Yakir, D.: Ecosystem photosynthesis inferred from measurements of carbonyl sulphide flux, Nat. Geosci., 6(3), 186–190, doi:10.1038/ngeo1730, 2013.
Atmospheric Gradient / Tower measurements
Commane, R., Herndon, S. C., Zahniser, M. S., Lerner, B. M., McManus, J. B., Munger, J. W., Nelson, D. D. and Wofsy, S. C.: Carbonyl sulfide in the planetary boundary layer: Coastal and continental influences, J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres, 118(14), 8001–8009, doi:10.1002/jgrd.50581, 2013.
Belviso, S., Schmidt, M., Yver, C., Ramonet, M., Gros, V. and Launois, T.: Strong similarities between night-time deposition velocities of carbonyl sulphide and molecular hydrogen inferred from semi-continuous atmospheric observations in Gif-sur-Yvette, Paris region, Tellus B, 65(0), doi:10.3402/tellusb.v65i0.20719, 2013.
Blonquist, J. M., Montzka, S. A., Munger, J. W., Yakir, D., Desai, A. R., Dragoni, D., Griffis, T. J., Monson, R. K., Scott, R. L. and Bowling, D. R.: The potential of carbonyl sulfide as a proxy for gross primary production at flux tower sites, J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosciences, 116, 1–18, doi:10.1029/2011JG001723, 2011.
Berresheim, H. and Vulcan, V. D.: Vertical distributions of COS, CS2, DMS and other sulfur compounds in a loblolly pine forest, Atmospheric Environ. Part Gen. Top., 26(11), 2031–2036, doi:10.1016/0960-1686(92)90087-2, 1992.
Modeling Soil Fluxes
Ogée, J., Sauze, J., Kesselmeier, J., Genty, B., Van Diest, H., Launois, T. and Wingate, L.: A new mechanistic framework to predict OCS fluxes from soils, Biogeosciences Discuss, 12(18), 15687–15736, doi:10.5194/bgd-12-15687-2015, 2015.
Whelan, M. E., Hilton, T. W., Berry, J. A., Berkelhammer, M., Desai, A. R. and Campbell, J. E.: Carbonyl sulfide exchange in soils for better estimates of ecosystem carbon uptake, Atmos Chem Phys Discuss, 15(15), 21095–21132, doi:10.5194/acpd-15-21095-2015, 2015.
Sun, W., Maseyk, K., Lett, C. and Seibt, U.: A soil diffusion–reaction model for surface COS flux: COSSM v1, Geosci Model Dev, 8(10), 3055–3070, doi:10.5194/gmd-8-3055-2015, 2015.
Leaf/Soil Chamber Measurements
Berkelhammer, M., Asaf, D., Still, C., Montzka, S., Noone, D., Gupta, M., Provencal, R., Chen, H. and Yakir, D.: Constraining surface carbon fluxes using in situ measurements of carbonyl sulfide and carbon dioxide, Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles, 28(2), 161–179, doi:10.1002/2013GB004644, 2014.
Whelan, M. E., Min, D.-H. and Rhew, R. C.: Salt marshes as a source of atmospheric carbonyl sulfide, Atmos. Environ., 73, 131–137, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.02.048, 2013.
Yi, Z., Wang, X., Sheng, G. and Fu, J.: Exchange of carbonyl sulfide (OCS) and dimethyl sulfide (DMS) between rice paddy fields and the atmosphere in subtropical China, Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 123(1–3), 116–124, doi:10.1016/j.agee.2007.05.011, 2008.
Li, X., Liu, J. and Yang, J.: Variation of H2S and COS emission fluxes from Calamagrostis angustifolia Wetlands in Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China, Atmos. Environ., 40(33), 6303–6312, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.05.054, 2006.
Geng, C. and Mu, Y.: Carbonyl sulfide and dimethyl sulfide exchange between trees and the atmosphere, Atmos. Environ., 40(7), 1373–1383, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.10.023, 2006.
Geng, C. and Mu, Y.: Carbonyl sulfide and dimethyl sulfide exchange between lawn and the atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres, 109(D12), D12302, doi:10.1029/2003JD004492, 2004.
Steinbacher, M., Bingemer, H. G. and Schmidt, U.: Measurements of the exchange of carbonyl sulfide (OCS) and carbon disulfide (CS2) between soil and atmosphere in a spruce forest in central Germany, Atmos. Environ., 38(35), 6043–6052, 2004.
Xu, X., Bingemer, H. G. and Schmidt, U.: The flux of carbonyl sulfide and carbon disulfide between the atmosphere and a spruce forest, Atmospheric Chem. Phys. Discuss., 2(1), 181–212, 2002.
DeLaune, R. D., Devai, I. and Lindau, C. W.: Flux of reduced sulfur gases along a salinity gradient in Louisiana coastal marshes, Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 54(6), 1003–1011, 2002.
Kuhn, U., Ammann, C., Wolf, A., Meixner, F. X., Andreae, M. O. and Kesselmeier, J.: Carbonyl sulfide exchange on an ecosystem scale: soil represents a dominant sink for atmospheric COS, Atmos. Environ., 33(6), 995–1008, 1999.
Simmons, J. S.: Consumption of atmospheric carbonyl sulfide by coniferous boreal forest soils, J. Geophys. Res., 104(D9), 11569–11576, doi:10.1029/1999JD900149, 1999.
De Mello, W. Z. and Hines, M. E.: Application of static and dynamic enclosures for determining dimethyl sulfide and carbonyl sulfide exchange in Sphagnum peatlands: Implications for the magnitude and direction of flux, J. Geophys. Res., 99(D7), 14601–14607, 1994.
Chin, M. and Davis, D. D.: Global sources and sinks of OCS and CS2 and their distributions, Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles, 7(2), 321–337, doi:10.1029/93GB00568, 1993.
Kesselmeier, J. and Merk, L.: Exchange of carbonyl sulfide (COS) between agricultural plants and the atmosphere: Studies on the deposition of COS to peas, corn and rapeseed, Biogeochemistry, 23(1), 47–59, doi:10.1007/BF00002922, 1993.
Castro, M. S. and Galloway, J. N.: A comparison of sulfur-free and ambient air enclosure techniques for measuring the exchange of reduced sulfur gases between soils and the atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 96(D8), 15427–15, 1991.
Lab-based soil/litter/lichen measurements
Whelan, M. and Rhew, R.: Carbonyl sulfide produced by abiotic thermal and photo-degradation of soil organic matter from wheat field substrate, J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosciences, 2014JG002661, doi:10.1002/2014JG002661, 2015.
Van Diest, H. and Kesselmeier, J.: Soil atmosphere exchange of carbonyl sulfide (COS) regulated by diffusivity depending on water-filled pore space, Biogeosciences, 5(2), 475–483, doi:10.5194/bg-5-475-2008, 2008.
Liu, J., Geng, C., Mu, Y., Zhang, Y., Xu, Z. and Wu, H.: Exchange of carbonyl sulfide (COS) between the atmosphere and various soils in China, Biogeosciences, 7(2), 753–762, doi:10.5194/bg-7-753-2010, 2010.
Kesselmeier, J. and Hubert, A.: Exchange of reduced volatile sulfur compounds between leaf litter and the atmosphere, Atmos. Environ., 36(29), 4679–4686, doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00413-2, 2002.
Conrad, R. and Meuser, K.: Soils contain more than one activity consuming carbonyl sulfide, Atmos. Environ., 34(21), 3635–3639, doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00136-9, 2000.
paired with
Lehmann, S. and Conrad, R.: Characteristics of turnover of carbonyl sulfide in four different soils, J. Atmospheric Chem., 23(2), 193–207, doi:10.1007/BF00048260, 1996.
Kuhn, U. and Kesselmeier, J.: Environmental variables controlling the uptake of carbonyl sulfide by lichens, J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres, 105(D22), 26783–26792, doi:10.1029/2000JD900436, 2000.
Kesselmeier, J., Teusch, N. and Kuhn, U.: Controlling variables for the uptake of atmospheric carbonyl sulfide by soil, J. Geophys. Res., 104(D9), 11577–11584, doi:10.1029/1999JD900090, 1999.
Devai, I. and DeLaune, R. D.: Formation of volatile sulfur compounds in salt marsh sediment as influenced by soil redox condition, Org. Geochem., 23(4), 283–287, doi:10.1016/0146-6380(95)00024-9, 1995.
Fried, A., Klinger, L. F. and III, D. J. E.: Atmospheric carbonyl sulfide exchange in bog microcosms, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20(2), PP. 129–132, doi:199310.1029/93GL00062, 1993.
Minami, K. and Fukushi, S.: Volatilization of carbonyl sulfide from paddy soils treated with sulfur-containing substances, Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 27(3), 339–345, doi:10.1080/00380768.1981.10431288, 1981.
Carbonic Anhydrase/Leaf Physiology
Stimler, K., Berry, J. A., Montzka, S. A. and Yakir, D.: Association between Carbonyl Sulfide Uptake and 18Δ during Gas Exchange in C3 and C4 Leaves, Plant Physiol., 157(1), 509–517, doi:10.1104/pp.111.176578, 2011.
Seibt, U., Kesselmeier, J., Sandoval-Soto, L., Kuhn, U. and Berry, J. A.: A kinetic analysis of leaf uptake of COS and its relation to transpiration, photosynthesis and carbon isotope fractionation, Biogeosciences, 7(1), 333–341, doi:10.5194/bg-7-333-2010, 2010.
Stimler, K., Montzka, S. A., Berry, J. A., Rudich, Y. and Yakir, D.: Relationships between carbonyl sulfide (COS) and CO2 during leaf gas exchange, New Phytol., 186(4), 869–878, doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03218.x, 2010.
Yonemura, S., Sandoval-Soto, L., Kesselmeier, J., Kuhn, U., Von Hobe, M., Yakir, D. and Kawashima, S.: Uptake of carbonyl sulfide (COS) and emission of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) by plants, Phyton, 45(4), 17–24, 2005.
Schenk, S., Kesselmeier, J. and Anders, E.: How Does the Exchange of One Oxygen Atom with Sulfur Affect the Catalytic Cycle of Carbonic Anhydrase?, Chem. – Eur. J., 10(12), 3091–3105, doi:10.1002/chem.200305754, 2004.
Protoschill-Krebs, G., Wilhelm, C. and Kesselmeier, J.: Consumption of carbonyl sulphide (COS) by higher plant carbonic anhydrase (CA), Atmos. Environ., 30(18), 3151–3156, doi:10.1016/1352-2310(96)00026-X, 1996.
Protoschill-Krebs, G. and Kesselmeier, J.: Enzymatic pathways for the consumption of carbonyl sulphide (COS) by higher plants, Bot. Acta, 105(3), 206–212, 1992.
Micro-organisms
Ogawa, T., Noguchi, K., Saito, M., Nagahata, Y., Kato, H., Ohtaki, A., Nakayama, H., Dohmae, N., Matsushita, Y., Odaka, M., Yohda, M., Nyunoya, H. and Katayama, Y.: Carbonyl Sulfide Hydrolase from Thiobacillus thioparus Strain THI115 Is One of the β-Carbonic Anhydrase Family Enzymes, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 135(10), 3818–3825, doi:10.1021/ja307735e, 2013.
Kato, H., Saito, M., Nagahata, Y. and Katayama, Y.: Degradation of ambient carbonyl sulfide by Mycobacterium spp. in soil, Microbiology, 154(1), 249–255, doi:10.1099/mic.0.2007/011213-0, 2008.
Notni, J., Schenk, S., Protoschill‐Krebs, G., Kesselmeier, J. and Anders, E.: The Missing Link in COS Metabolism: A Model Study on the Reactivation of Carbonic Anhydrase from its Hydrosulfide Analogue, ChemBioChem, 8(5), 530–536, doi:10.1002/cbic.200600436, 2007.
Conrad, R.: Soil microorganisms as controllers of atmospheric trace gases (H2, CO, CH4, OCS, N2O, and NO)., Microbiol. Rev., 60(4), 609–640, 1996.
Ocean/Precipitation
Launois, T., Belviso, S., Bopp, L., Fichot, C. G. and Peylin, P.: A new model for the global biogeochemical cycle of carbonyl sulfide – Part 1: Assessment of direct marine emissions with an oceanic general circulation and biogeochemistry model, Atmos Chem Phys, 15(5), 2295–2312, doi:10.5194/acp-15-2295-2015, 2015.
Kuai, L., Worden, J., Kulawik, S. S., Montzka, S. A. and Liu, J.: Characterization of Aura TES carbonyl sulfide retrievals over ocean, Atmos Meas Tech, 7(1), 163–172, doi:10.5194/amt-7-163-2014, 2014.
Mu, Y. and Xu, Z.: Scavenging of carbonyl sulfide precursor in the atmosphere by precipitation, J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres, 114(D3), doi:10.1029/2008JD010622, 2009.
Mu, Y., Geng, C., Wang, M., Wu, H., Zhang, X. and Jiang, G.: Photochemical production of carbonyl sulfide in precipitation, J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres, 109(D13), doi:10.1029/2003JD004206, 2004.
Hobe, M. von, Najjar, R. G., Kettle, A. J. and Andreae, M. O.: Photochemical and physical modeling of carbonyl sulfide in the ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 16 PP., doi:200310.1029/2000JC000712, 2003.
Hobe, M. V., Cutter, G. A., Kettle, A. J. and Andreae, M. O.: Dark production: A significant source of oceanic COS, J. Geophys. Res., 106(C12), PP. 31,217–31,226, doi:200110.1029/2000JC000567, 2001.
Kettle, A. J., Rhee, T. S., von Hobe, M., Poulton, A., Aiken, J. and Andreae, M. O.: Assessing the flux of different volatile sulfur gases from the ocean to the atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres, 106(D11), 12193–12209, doi:10.1029/2000JD900630, 2001.
Ulshöfer, V. S. and Andreae, M. O.: Carbonyl Sulfide (COS) in the Surface Ocean and the Atmospheric COS Budget, Aquat. Geochem., 3(4), 283–303, doi:10.1023/A:1009668400667, 1997.
Flöck, O. R., Andreae, M. O. and Dräger, M.: Environmentally relevant precursors of carbonyl sulfide in aquatic systems, Mar. Chem., 59(1–2), 71–85, doi:10.1016/S0304-4203(97)00012-1, 1997.
Uher, G. and Andreae, M. O.: Photochemical Production of Carbonyl Sulfide in North Sea Water: A Process Study, Limnol. Oceanogr., 42(3), 432–442, 1997.
Weiss, P. S., Johnson, J. E., Gammon, R. H. and Bates, T. S.: Reevaluation of the open ocean source of carbonyl sulfide to the atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres, 100(D11), 23083–23092, doi:10.1029/95JD01926, 1995.
Radford-Knȩry, J. and Cutter, G. A.: Biogeochemistry of dissolved hydrogen sulfide species and carbonyl sulfide in the western North Atlantic Ocean, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 58(24), 5421–5431, doi:10.1016/0016-7037(94)90239-9, 1994.
Zepp, R. G. and Andreae, M. O.: Factors affecting the photochemical production of carbonyl sulfide in seawater, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21(25), 2813–2816, doi:10.1029/94GL03083, 1994.
Andreae, M. O. and Ferek, R. J.: Photochemical production of carbonyl sulfide in seawater and its emission to the atmosphere, Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles, 6(2), 175–183, doi:199210.1029/91GB02809, 1992.
Andreae, M. O.: Ocean-atmosphere interactions in the global biogeochemical sulfur cycle, Mar. Chem., 30, 1–29, doi:10.1016/0304-4203(90)90059-L, 1990.
The CLAW hypothesis: Charlson, R. J., Warren, S. G., Lovelock, J. E. and Andreae, M. O.: Oceanic phytoplankton, atmospheric sulphur, cloud albedo and climate, Nature, 326, 655–661, 1987.
Stratosphere
Krysztofiak, G., Té, Y., Catoire, V., Berthet, G., Toon, G.C., Jégou, F., Jeseck, P., and Robert, C.: Carbonyl sulphide (OCS) variability with latitude in the atmosphere, Atmosphere-Ocean, 53(1), 1-13, doi:10.1080/07055900.2013.876609, 2015.
Brühl, C., Lelieveld, J., Crutzen, P. J. and Tost, H.: The role of carbonyl sulphide as a source of stratospheric sulphate aerosol and its impact on climate, Atmos Chem Phys, 12(3), 1239–1253, doi:10.5194/acp-12-1239-2012, 2012.
Hattori, S., Schmidt, J. A., Mahler, D. W., Danielache, S. O., Johnson, M. S. and Yoshida, N.: Isotope Effect n the Carbonyl Sulfide Reaction with O(3P), J. Phys. Chem. A, 116(14), 3521–3526, doi:10.1021/jp2120884, 2012.
Leung, F.-Y. T., Colussi, A. J., Hoffmann, M. R. and Toon, G. C.: Isotopic fractionation of carbonyl sulfide in the atmosphere: Implications for the source of background stratospheric sulfate aerosol, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(10), 112–1, doi:10.1029/2001GL013955, 2002.
Kjellström, E.: A Three-Dimensional Global Model Study of Carbonyl Sulfide in the Troposphere and the Lower Stratosphere, J. Atmospheric Chem., 29(2), 151–177, doi:10.1023/A:1005976511096, 1998.
Chin, M. and Davis, D. D.: A reanalysis of carbonyl sulfide as a source of stratospheric background sulfur aerosol, J. Geophys. Res., 100(D5), 8993–9005, 1995.
Chin, M. and Davis, D. D.: Global sources and sinks of OCS and CS2 and their distributions, Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles, 7(2), 321–337, doi:10.1029/93GB00568, 1993.
Crutzen, P. J.: The possible importance of CSO for the sulfate layer of the stratosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 3(2), 73–76, doi:197610.1029/GL003i002p00073, 1976.
Campbell, J. E., Whelan, M. E., Seibt, U., Smith, S. J., Berry, J. A. and Hilton, T. W.: Atmospheric carbonyl sulfide sources from anthropogenic activity: Implications for carbon cycle constraints, Geophys. Res. Lett., doi:10.1002/2015GL063445, 2015.
Berry, J., Wolf, A., Campbell, J. E., Baker, I., Blake, N., Blake, D., Denning, A. S., Kawa, S. R., Montzka, S. A., Seibt, U., Stimler, K., Yakir, D. and Zhu, Z.: A coupled model of the global cycles of carbonyl sulfide and CO2: A possible new window on the carbon cycle, J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosciences, 118(2), 842–852, doi:10.1002/jgrg.20068, 2013.
Campbell, J. E., Carmichael, G. R., Chai, T., Mena-Carrasco, M., Tang, Y., Blake, D. R., Blake, N. J., Vay, S. A., Collatz, G. J., Baker, I., Berry, J. A., Montzka, S. A., Sweeney, C., Schnoor, J. L. and Stanier, C. O.: Photosynthetic control of atmospheric carbonyl sulfide during the growing season, Science, 322(5904), 1085–1088, doi:10.1126/science.1164015, 2008.
Blake, N. J., Campbell, J. E., Vay, S. A., Fuelberg, H. E., Huey, L. G., Sachse, G., Meinardi, S., Beyersdorf, A., Baker, A., Barletta, B., Midyett, J., Doezema, L., Kamboures, M., McAdams, J., Novak, B., Rowland, F. S. and Blake, D. R.: Carbonyl sulfide (OCS): Large-scale distributions over North America during INTEX-NA and relationship to CO2, J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres, 113(D9), D09S90, doi:10.1029/2007JD009163, 2008.
Suntharalingam, P., Kettle, A. J., Montzka, S. M. and Jacob, D. J.: Global 3-D model analysis of the seasonal cycle of atmospheric carbonyl sulfide: Implications for terrestrial vegetation uptake, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35(19), doi:10.1029/2008GL034332, 2008.
Montzka, S. A., Calvert, P., Hall, B. D., Elkins, J. W., Conway, T. J., Tans, P. P. and Sweeney, C.: On the global distribution, seasonality, and budget of atmospheric carbonyl sulfide (COS) and some similarities to CO2, J Geophys Res Atmos, 112, doi:10.1029/2006JD007665, 2007.
Sandoval-Soto, L., Stanimirov, M., Von Hobe, M., Schmitt, V., Valdes, J., Wild, A. and Kesselmeier, J.: Global uptake of carbonyl sulfide (COS) by terrestrial vegetation: Estimates corrected by deposition velocities normalized to the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO2), Biogeosciences, 2(2), 125–132, doi:10.5194/bg-2-125-2005, 2005.
Kettle, A. J., Kuhn, U., von Hobe, M., Kesselmeier, J. and Andreae, M. O.: Global budget of atmospheric carbonyl sulfide: Temporal and spatial variations of the dominant sources and sinks, J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres, 107(D22), 1–16, doi:10.1029/2002JD002187, 2002.
Ice Core Records
Aydin, M., Fudge, T. J., Verhulst, K. R., Nicewonger, M. R., Waddington, E. D. and Saltzman, E. S.: Carbonyl sulfide hydrolysis in Antarctic ice cores and an atmospheric history for the last 8000 years, J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres, 119(13), 2014JD021618, doi:10.1002/2014JD021618, 2014.
Aydin, M., Williams, M. B., Tatum, C. and Saltzman, E. S.: Carbonyl sulfide in air extracted from a South Pole ice core: a 2000 year record, Atmos Chem Phys, 8(24), 7533–7542, doi:10.5194/acp-8-7533-2008, 2008.
Montzka, S. A., Aydin, M., Battle, M., Butler, J. H., Saltzman, E. S., Hall, B. D., Clarke, A. D., Mondeel, D. and Elkins, J. W.: A 350-year atmospheric history for carbonyl sulfide inferred from Antarctic firn air and air trapped in ice, J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres, 109(D22), doi:10.1029/2004JD004686, 2004.
Aydin, M., De Bruyn, W. J. and Saltzman, E. S.: Preindustrial atmospheric carbonyl sulfide (OCS) from an Antarctic ice core, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(9), 73–1–73–4, doi:10.1029/2002GL014796, 2002.
Sturges, W. T., Penkett, S. A., Barnola, J.-M., Chappellaz, J., Atlas, E. and Stroud, V.: A long-term record of carbonyl sulfide (COS) in two hemispheres from firn air measurements, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28(21), 4095–4098, doi:10.1029/2001GL013958, 2001.
Reviews
Wohlfahrt, G., Brilli, F., Hörtnagl, L., Xu, X., Bingemer, H., Hansel, A. and Loreto, F.: Carbonyl sulfide (COS) as a tracer for canopy photosynthesis, transpiration and stomatal conductance: potential and limitations, Plant Cell Environ., 35(4), 657–667, doi:10.1111/j.1365-3040.2011.02451.x, 2012.
Brimblecombe, P.: The Global Sulfur Cycle, in Treatise in Geochemistry, vol. 8, edited by H. D. Holland and Turekian, pp. 645–682., 2003.
Watts, S. F.: The mass budgets of carbonyl sulfide, dimethyl sulfide, carbon disulfide and hydrogen sulfide, Atmos. Environ., 34(5), 761–779, doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00342-8, 2000.
Eddy Flux Covariance
Billesbach, D. P., Berry, J. A., Seibt, U., Maseyk, K., Torn, M. S., Fischer, M. L., Abu-Naser, M. and Campbell, J. E.: Growing season eddy covariance measurements of carbonyl sulfide and CO2 fluxes: COS and CO2 relationships in Southern Great Plains winter wheat, Agric. For. Meteorol., 184, 48–55, doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2013.06.007, 2014.
Maseyk, K., Berry, J. A., Billesbach, D., Campbell, J. E., Torn, M. S., Zahniser, M. and Seibt, U.: Sources and sinks of carbonyl sulfide in an agricultural field in the Southern Great Plains, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 111(25), 9064–9069, doi:10.1073/pnas.1319132111, 2014.
Asaf, D., Rotenberg, E., Tatarinov, F., Dicken, U., Montzka, S. A. and Yakir, D.: Ecosystem photosynthesis inferred from measurements of carbonyl sulphide flux, Nat. Geosci., 6(3), 186–190, doi:10.1038/ngeo1730, 2013.
Atmospheric Gradient / Tower measurements
Commane, R., Herndon, S. C., Zahniser, M. S., Lerner, B. M., McManus, J. B., Munger, J. W., Nelson, D. D. and Wofsy, S. C.: Carbonyl sulfide in the planetary boundary layer: Coastal and continental influences, J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres, 118(14), 8001–8009, doi:10.1002/jgrd.50581, 2013.
Belviso, S., Schmidt, M., Yver, C., Ramonet, M., Gros, V. and Launois, T.: Strong similarities between night-time deposition velocities of carbonyl sulphide and molecular hydrogen inferred from semi-continuous atmospheric observations in Gif-sur-Yvette, Paris region, Tellus B, 65(0), doi:10.3402/tellusb.v65i0.20719, 2013.
Blonquist, J. M., Montzka, S. A., Munger, J. W., Yakir, D., Desai, A. R., Dragoni, D., Griffis, T. J., Monson, R. K., Scott, R. L. and Bowling, D. R.: The potential of carbonyl sulfide as a proxy for gross primary production at flux tower sites, J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosciences, 116, 1–18, doi:10.1029/2011JG001723, 2011.
Berresheim, H. and Vulcan, V. D.: Vertical distributions of COS, CS2, DMS and other sulfur compounds in a loblolly pine forest, Atmospheric Environ. Part Gen. Top., 26(11), 2031–2036, doi:10.1016/0960-1686(92)90087-2, 1992.
Modeling Soil Fluxes
Ogée, J., Sauze, J., Kesselmeier, J., Genty, B., Van Diest, H., Launois, T. and Wingate, L.: A new mechanistic framework to predict OCS fluxes from soils, Biogeosciences Discuss, 12(18), 15687–15736, doi:10.5194/bgd-12-15687-2015, 2015.
Whelan, M. E., Hilton, T. W., Berry, J. A., Berkelhammer, M., Desai, A. R. and Campbell, J. E.: Carbonyl sulfide exchange in soils for better estimates of ecosystem carbon uptake, Atmos Chem Phys Discuss, 15(15), 21095–21132, doi:10.5194/acpd-15-21095-2015, 2015.
Sun, W., Maseyk, K., Lett, C. and Seibt, U.: A soil diffusion–reaction model for surface COS flux: COSSM v1, Geosci Model Dev, 8(10), 3055–3070, doi:10.5194/gmd-8-3055-2015, 2015.
Leaf/Soil Chamber Measurements
Berkelhammer, M., Asaf, D., Still, C., Montzka, S., Noone, D., Gupta, M., Provencal, R., Chen, H. and Yakir, D.: Constraining surface carbon fluxes using in situ measurements of carbonyl sulfide and carbon dioxide, Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles, 28(2), 161–179, doi:10.1002/2013GB004644, 2014.
Whelan, M. E., Min, D.-H. and Rhew, R. C.: Salt marshes as a source of atmospheric carbonyl sulfide, Atmos. Environ., 73, 131–137, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.02.048, 2013.
Yi, Z., Wang, X., Sheng, G. and Fu, J.: Exchange of carbonyl sulfide (OCS) and dimethyl sulfide (DMS) between rice paddy fields and the atmosphere in subtropical China, Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 123(1–3), 116–124, doi:10.1016/j.agee.2007.05.011, 2008.
Li, X., Liu, J. and Yang, J.: Variation of H2S and COS emission fluxes from Calamagrostis angustifolia Wetlands in Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China, Atmos. Environ., 40(33), 6303–6312, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.05.054, 2006.
Geng, C. and Mu, Y.: Carbonyl sulfide and dimethyl sulfide exchange between trees and the atmosphere, Atmos. Environ., 40(7), 1373–1383, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.10.023, 2006.
Geng, C. and Mu, Y.: Carbonyl sulfide and dimethyl sulfide exchange between lawn and the atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres, 109(D12), D12302, doi:10.1029/2003JD004492, 2004.
Steinbacher, M., Bingemer, H. G. and Schmidt, U.: Measurements of the exchange of carbonyl sulfide (OCS) and carbon disulfide (CS2) between soil and atmosphere in a spruce forest in central Germany, Atmos. Environ., 38(35), 6043–6052, 2004.
Xu, X., Bingemer, H. G. and Schmidt, U.: The flux of carbonyl sulfide and carbon disulfide between the atmosphere and a spruce forest, Atmospheric Chem. Phys. Discuss., 2(1), 181–212, 2002.
DeLaune, R. D., Devai, I. and Lindau, C. W.: Flux of reduced sulfur gases along a salinity gradient in Louisiana coastal marshes, Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 54(6), 1003–1011, 2002.
Kuhn, U., Ammann, C., Wolf, A., Meixner, F. X., Andreae, M. O. and Kesselmeier, J.: Carbonyl sulfide exchange on an ecosystem scale: soil represents a dominant sink for atmospheric COS, Atmos. Environ., 33(6), 995–1008, 1999.
Simmons, J. S.: Consumption of atmospheric carbonyl sulfide by coniferous boreal forest soils, J. Geophys. Res., 104(D9), 11569–11576, doi:10.1029/1999JD900149, 1999.
De Mello, W. Z. and Hines, M. E.: Application of static and dynamic enclosures for determining dimethyl sulfide and carbonyl sulfide exchange in Sphagnum peatlands: Implications for the magnitude and direction of flux, J. Geophys. Res., 99(D7), 14601–14607, 1994.
Chin, M. and Davis, D. D.: Global sources and sinks of OCS and CS2 and their distributions, Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles, 7(2), 321–337, doi:10.1029/93GB00568, 1993.
Kesselmeier, J. and Merk, L.: Exchange of carbonyl sulfide (COS) between agricultural plants and the atmosphere: Studies on the deposition of COS to peas, corn and rapeseed, Biogeochemistry, 23(1), 47–59, doi:10.1007/BF00002922, 1993.
Castro, M. S. and Galloway, J. N.: A comparison of sulfur-free and ambient air enclosure techniques for measuring the exchange of reduced sulfur gases between soils and the atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 96(D8), 15427–15, 1991.
Lab-based soil/litter/lichen measurements
Whelan, M. and Rhew, R.: Carbonyl sulfide produced by abiotic thermal and photo-degradation of soil organic matter from wheat field substrate, J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosciences, 2014JG002661, doi:10.1002/2014JG002661, 2015.
Van Diest, H. and Kesselmeier, J.: Soil atmosphere exchange of carbonyl sulfide (COS) regulated by diffusivity depending on water-filled pore space, Biogeosciences, 5(2), 475–483, doi:10.5194/bg-5-475-2008, 2008.
Liu, J., Geng, C., Mu, Y., Zhang, Y., Xu, Z. and Wu, H.: Exchange of carbonyl sulfide (COS) between the atmosphere and various soils in China, Biogeosciences, 7(2), 753–762, doi:10.5194/bg-7-753-2010, 2010.
Kesselmeier, J. and Hubert, A.: Exchange of reduced volatile sulfur compounds between leaf litter and the atmosphere, Atmos. Environ., 36(29), 4679–4686, doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00413-2, 2002.
Conrad, R. and Meuser, K.: Soils contain more than one activity consuming carbonyl sulfide, Atmos. Environ., 34(21), 3635–3639, doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00136-9, 2000.
paired with
Lehmann, S. and Conrad, R.: Characteristics of turnover of carbonyl sulfide in four different soils, J. Atmospheric Chem., 23(2), 193–207, doi:10.1007/BF00048260, 1996.
Kuhn, U. and Kesselmeier, J.: Environmental variables controlling the uptake of carbonyl sulfide by lichens, J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres, 105(D22), 26783–26792, doi:10.1029/2000JD900436, 2000.
Kesselmeier, J., Teusch, N. and Kuhn, U.: Controlling variables for the uptake of atmospheric carbonyl sulfide by soil, J. Geophys. Res., 104(D9), 11577–11584, doi:10.1029/1999JD900090, 1999.
Devai, I. and DeLaune, R. D.: Formation of volatile sulfur compounds in salt marsh sediment as influenced by soil redox condition, Org. Geochem., 23(4), 283–287, doi:10.1016/0146-6380(95)00024-9, 1995.
Fried, A., Klinger, L. F. and III, D. J. E.: Atmospheric carbonyl sulfide exchange in bog microcosms, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20(2), PP. 129–132, doi:199310.1029/93GL00062, 1993.
Minami, K. and Fukushi, S.: Volatilization of carbonyl sulfide from paddy soils treated with sulfur-containing substances, Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 27(3), 339–345, doi:10.1080/00380768.1981.10431288, 1981.
Carbonic Anhydrase/Leaf Physiology
Stimler, K., Berry, J. A., Montzka, S. A. and Yakir, D.: Association between Carbonyl Sulfide Uptake and 18Δ during Gas Exchange in C3 and C4 Leaves, Plant Physiol., 157(1), 509–517, doi:10.1104/pp.111.176578, 2011.
Seibt, U., Kesselmeier, J., Sandoval-Soto, L., Kuhn, U. and Berry, J. A.: A kinetic analysis of leaf uptake of COS and its relation to transpiration, photosynthesis and carbon isotope fractionation, Biogeosciences, 7(1), 333–341, doi:10.5194/bg-7-333-2010, 2010.
Stimler, K., Montzka, S. A., Berry, J. A., Rudich, Y. and Yakir, D.: Relationships between carbonyl sulfide (COS) and CO2 during leaf gas exchange, New Phytol., 186(4), 869–878, doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03218.x, 2010.
Yonemura, S., Sandoval-Soto, L., Kesselmeier, J., Kuhn, U., Von Hobe, M., Yakir, D. and Kawashima, S.: Uptake of carbonyl sulfide (COS) and emission of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) by plants, Phyton, 45(4), 17–24, 2005.
Schenk, S., Kesselmeier, J. and Anders, E.: How Does the Exchange of One Oxygen Atom with Sulfur Affect the Catalytic Cycle of Carbonic Anhydrase?, Chem. – Eur. J., 10(12), 3091–3105, doi:10.1002/chem.200305754, 2004.
Protoschill-Krebs, G., Wilhelm, C. and Kesselmeier, J.: Consumption of carbonyl sulphide (COS) by higher plant carbonic anhydrase (CA), Atmos. Environ., 30(18), 3151–3156, doi:10.1016/1352-2310(96)00026-X, 1996.
Protoschill-Krebs, G. and Kesselmeier, J.: Enzymatic pathways for the consumption of carbonyl sulphide (COS) by higher plants, Bot. Acta, 105(3), 206–212, 1992.
Micro-organisms
Ogawa, T., Noguchi, K., Saito, M., Nagahata, Y., Kato, H., Ohtaki, A., Nakayama, H., Dohmae, N., Matsushita, Y., Odaka, M., Yohda, M., Nyunoya, H. and Katayama, Y.: Carbonyl Sulfide Hydrolase from Thiobacillus thioparus Strain THI115 Is One of the β-Carbonic Anhydrase Family Enzymes, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 135(10), 3818–3825, doi:10.1021/ja307735e, 2013.
Kato, H., Saito, M., Nagahata, Y. and Katayama, Y.: Degradation of ambient carbonyl sulfide by Mycobacterium spp. in soil, Microbiology, 154(1), 249–255, doi:10.1099/mic.0.2007/011213-0, 2008.
Notni, J., Schenk, S., Protoschill‐Krebs, G., Kesselmeier, J. and Anders, E.: The Missing Link in COS Metabolism: A Model Study on the Reactivation of Carbonic Anhydrase from its Hydrosulfide Analogue, ChemBioChem, 8(5), 530–536, doi:10.1002/cbic.200600436, 2007.
Conrad, R.: Soil microorganisms as controllers of atmospheric trace gases (H2, CO, CH4, OCS, N2O, and NO)., Microbiol. Rev., 60(4), 609–640, 1996.
Ocean/Precipitation
Launois, T., Belviso, S., Bopp, L., Fichot, C. G. and Peylin, P.: A new model for the global biogeochemical cycle of carbonyl sulfide – Part 1: Assessment of direct marine emissions with an oceanic general circulation and biogeochemistry model, Atmos Chem Phys, 15(5), 2295–2312, doi:10.5194/acp-15-2295-2015, 2015.
Kuai, L., Worden, J., Kulawik, S. S., Montzka, S. A. and Liu, J.: Characterization of Aura TES carbonyl sulfide retrievals over ocean, Atmos Meas Tech, 7(1), 163–172, doi:10.5194/amt-7-163-2014, 2014.
Mu, Y. and Xu, Z.: Scavenging of carbonyl sulfide precursor in the atmosphere by precipitation, J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres, 114(D3), doi:10.1029/2008JD010622, 2009.
Mu, Y., Geng, C., Wang, M., Wu, H., Zhang, X. and Jiang, G.: Photochemical production of carbonyl sulfide in precipitation, J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres, 109(D13), doi:10.1029/2003JD004206, 2004.
Hobe, M. von, Najjar, R. G., Kettle, A. J. and Andreae, M. O.: Photochemical and physical modeling of carbonyl sulfide in the ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 16 PP., doi:200310.1029/2000JC000712, 2003.
Hobe, M. V., Cutter, G. A., Kettle, A. J. and Andreae, M. O.: Dark production: A significant source of oceanic COS, J. Geophys. Res., 106(C12), PP. 31,217–31,226, doi:200110.1029/2000JC000567, 2001.
Kettle, A. J., Rhee, T. S., von Hobe, M., Poulton, A., Aiken, J. and Andreae, M. O.: Assessing the flux of different volatile sulfur gases from the ocean to the atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres, 106(D11), 12193–12209, doi:10.1029/2000JD900630, 2001.
Ulshöfer, V. S. and Andreae, M. O.: Carbonyl Sulfide (COS) in the Surface Ocean and the Atmospheric COS Budget, Aquat. Geochem., 3(4), 283–303, doi:10.1023/A:1009668400667, 1997.
Flöck, O. R., Andreae, M. O. and Dräger, M.: Environmentally relevant precursors of carbonyl sulfide in aquatic systems, Mar. Chem., 59(1–2), 71–85, doi:10.1016/S0304-4203(97)00012-1, 1997.
Uher, G. and Andreae, M. O.: Photochemical Production of Carbonyl Sulfide in North Sea Water: A Process Study, Limnol. Oceanogr., 42(3), 432–442, 1997.
Weiss, P. S., Johnson, J. E., Gammon, R. H. and Bates, T. S.: Reevaluation of the open ocean source of carbonyl sulfide to the atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres, 100(D11), 23083–23092, doi:10.1029/95JD01926, 1995.
Radford-Knȩry, J. and Cutter, G. A.: Biogeochemistry of dissolved hydrogen sulfide species and carbonyl sulfide in the western North Atlantic Ocean, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 58(24), 5421–5431, doi:10.1016/0016-7037(94)90239-9, 1994.
Zepp, R. G. and Andreae, M. O.: Factors affecting the photochemical production of carbonyl sulfide in seawater, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21(25), 2813–2816, doi:10.1029/94GL03083, 1994.
Andreae, M. O. and Ferek, R. J.: Photochemical production of carbonyl sulfide in seawater and its emission to the atmosphere, Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles, 6(2), 175–183, doi:199210.1029/91GB02809, 1992.
Andreae, M. O.: Ocean-atmosphere interactions in the global biogeochemical sulfur cycle, Mar. Chem., 30, 1–29, doi:10.1016/0304-4203(90)90059-L, 1990.
The CLAW hypothesis: Charlson, R. J., Warren, S. G., Lovelock, J. E. and Andreae, M. O.: Oceanic phytoplankton, atmospheric sulphur, cloud albedo and climate, Nature, 326, 655–661, 1987.
Stratosphere
Krysztofiak, G., Té, Y., Catoire, V., Berthet, G., Toon, G.C., Jégou, F., Jeseck, P., and Robert, C.: Carbonyl sulphide (OCS) variability with latitude in the atmosphere, Atmosphere-Ocean, 53(1), 1-13, doi:10.1080/07055900.2013.876609, 2015.
Brühl, C., Lelieveld, J., Crutzen, P. J. and Tost, H.: The role of carbonyl sulphide as a source of stratospheric sulphate aerosol and its impact on climate, Atmos Chem Phys, 12(3), 1239–1253, doi:10.5194/acp-12-1239-2012, 2012.
Hattori, S., Schmidt, J. A., Mahler, D. W., Danielache, S. O., Johnson, M. S. and Yoshida, N.: Isotope Effect n the Carbonyl Sulfide Reaction with O(3P), J. Phys. Chem. A, 116(14), 3521–3526, doi:10.1021/jp2120884, 2012.
Leung, F.-Y. T., Colussi, A. J., Hoffmann, M. R. and Toon, G. C.: Isotopic fractionation of carbonyl sulfide in the atmosphere: Implications for the source of background stratospheric sulfate aerosol, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(10), 112–1, doi:10.1029/2001GL013955, 2002.
Kjellström, E.: A Three-Dimensional Global Model Study of Carbonyl Sulfide in the Troposphere and the Lower Stratosphere, J. Atmospheric Chem., 29(2), 151–177, doi:10.1023/A:1005976511096, 1998.
Chin, M. and Davis, D. D.: A reanalysis of carbonyl sulfide as a source of stratospheric background sulfur aerosol, J. Geophys. Res., 100(D5), 8993–9005, 1995.
Chin, M. and Davis, D. D.: Global sources and sinks of OCS and CS2 and their distributions, Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles, 7(2), 321–337, doi:10.1029/93GB00568, 1993.
Crutzen, P. J.: The possible importance of CSO for the sulfate layer of the stratosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 3(2), 73–76, doi:197610.1029/GL003i002p00073, 1976.