Oceans
The oceans are an important source of COS. Some work on quantifying oceanic COS was motivated by the "CLAW" hypothesis (Charlson et al. 1987), which suggested that warmer oceans would generate more cloud condensation nuclei and lead to ocean cooling.
COS has been found to be produced in the oceans and precipitation via both dark and light reactions. Recently, COS observations over the oceans from TES have become available (Kuai et al. 2014).
Launois, T., Belviso, S., Bopp, L., Fichot, C. G. and Peylin, P.: A new model for the global biogeochemical cycle of carbonyl sulfide – Part 1: Assessment of direct marine emissions with an oceanic general circulation and biogeochemistry model, Atmos Chem Phys, 15(5), 2295–2312, doi:10.5194/acp-15-2295-2015, 2015.
Kuai, L., Worden, J., Kulawik, S. S., Montzka, S. A. and Liu, J.: Characterization of Aura TES carbonyl sulfide retrievals over ocean, Atmos Meas Tech, 7(1), 163–172, doi:10.5194/amt-7-163-2014, 2014.
Mu, Y. and Xu, Z.: Scavenging of carbonyl sulfide precursor in the atmosphere by precipitation, J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres, 114(D3), doi:10.1029/2008JD010622, 2009.
Mu, Y., Geng, C., Wang, M., Wu, H., Zhang, X. and Jiang, G.: Photochemical production of carbonyl sulfide in precipitation, J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres, 109(D13), doi:10.1029/2003JD004206, 2004.
Hobe, M. von, Najjar, R. G., Kettle, A. J. and Andreae, M. O.: Photochemical and physical modeling of carbonyl sulfide in the ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 16 PP., doi:200310.1029/2000JC000712, 2003.
Hobe, M. V., Cutter, G. A., Kettle, A. J. and Andreae, M. O.: Dark production: A significant source of oceanic COS, J. Geophys. Res., 106(C12), PP. 31,217–31,226, doi:200110.1029/2000JC000567, 2001.
Kettle, A. J., Rhee, T. S., von Hobe, M., Poulton, A., Aiken, J. and Andreae, M. O.: Assessing the flux of different volatile sulfur gases from the ocean to the atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres, 106(D11), 12193–12209, doi:10.1029/2000JD900630, 2001.
Ulshöfer, V. S. and Andreae, M. O.: Carbonyl Sulfide (COS) in the Surface Ocean and the Atmospheric COS Budget, Aquat. Geochem., 3(4), 283–303, doi:10.1023/A:1009668400667, 1997.
Flöck, O. R., Andreae, M. O. and Dräger, M.: Environmentally relevant precursors of carbonyl sulfide in aquatic systems, Mar. Chem., 59(1–2), 71–85, doi:10.1016/S0304-4203(97)00012-1, 1997.
Uher, G. and Andreae, M. O.: Photochemical Production of Carbonyl Sulfide in North Sea Water: A Process Study, Limnol. Oceanogr., 42(3), 432–442, 1997.
Weiss, P. S., Johnson, J. E., Gammon, R. H. and Bates, T. S.: Reevaluation of the open ocean source of carbonyl sulfide to the atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres, 100(D11), 23083–23092, doi:10.1029/95JD01926, 1995.
Radford-Knȩry, J. and Cutter, G. A.: Biogeochemistry of dissolved hydrogen sulfide species and carbonyl sulfide in the western North Atlantic Ocean, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 58(24), 5421–5431, doi:10.1016/0016-7037(94)90239-9, 1994.
Zepp, R. G. and Andreae, M. O.: Factors affecting the photochemical production of carbonyl sulfide in seawater, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21(25), 2813–2816, doi:10.1029/94GL03083, 1994.
Andreae, M. O. and Ferek, R. J.: Photochemical production of carbonyl sulfide in seawater and its emission to the atmosphere, Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles, 6(2), 175–183, doi:199210.1029/91GB02809, 1992.
Andreae, M. O.: Ocean-atmosphere interactions in the global biogeochemical sulfur cycle, Mar. Chem., 30, 1–29, doi:10.1016/0304-4203(90)90059-L, 1990.
The CLAW hypothesis: Charlson, R. J., Warren, S. G., Lovelock, J. E. and Andreae, M. O.: Oceanic phytoplankton, atmospheric sulphur, cloud albedo and climate, Nature, 326, 655–661, 1987.
COS has been found to be produced in the oceans and precipitation via both dark and light reactions. Recently, COS observations over the oceans from TES have become available (Kuai et al. 2014).
Launois, T., Belviso, S., Bopp, L., Fichot, C. G. and Peylin, P.: A new model for the global biogeochemical cycle of carbonyl sulfide – Part 1: Assessment of direct marine emissions with an oceanic general circulation and biogeochemistry model, Atmos Chem Phys, 15(5), 2295–2312, doi:10.5194/acp-15-2295-2015, 2015.
Kuai, L., Worden, J., Kulawik, S. S., Montzka, S. A. and Liu, J.: Characterization of Aura TES carbonyl sulfide retrievals over ocean, Atmos Meas Tech, 7(1), 163–172, doi:10.5194/amt-7-163-2014, 2014.
Mu, Y. and Xu, Z.: Scavenging of carbonyl sulfide precursor in the atmosphere by precipitation, J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres, 114(D3), doi:10.1029/2008JD010622, 2009.
Mu, Y., Geng, C., Wang, M., Wu, H., Zhang, X. and Jiang, G.: Photochemical production of carbonyl sulfide in precipitation, J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres, 109(D13), doi:10.1029/2003JD004206, 2004.
Hobe, M. von, Najjar, R. G., Kettle, A. J. and Andreae, M. O.: Photochemical and physical modeling of carbonyl sulfide in the ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 16 PP., doi:200310.1029/2000JC000712, 2003.
Hobe, M. V., Cutter, G. A., Kettle, A. J. and Andreae, M. O.: Dark production: A significant source of oceanic COS, J. Geophys. Res., 106(C12), PP. 31,217–31,226, doi:200110.1029/2000JC000567, 2001.
Kettle, A. J., Rhee, T. S., von Hobe, M., Poulton, A., Aiken, J. and Andreae, M. O.: Assessing the flux of different volatile sulfur gases from the ocean to the atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres, 106(D11), 12193–12209, doi:10.1029/2000JD900630, 2001.
Ulshöfer, V. S. and Andreae, M. O.: Carbonyl Sulfide (COS) in the Surface Ocean and the Atmospheric COS Budget, Aquat. Geochem., 3(4), 283–303, doi:10.1023/A:1009668400667, 1997.
Flöck, O. R., Andreae, M. O. and Dräger, M.: Environmentally relevant precursors of carbonyl sulfide in aquatic systems, Mar. Chem., 59(1–2), 71–85, doi:10.1016/S0304-4203(97)00012-1, 1997.
Uher, G. and Andreae, M. O.: Photochemical Production of Carbonyl Sulfide in North Sea Water: A Process Study, Limnol. Oceanogr., 42(3), 432–442, 1997.
Weiss, P. S., Johnson, J. E., Gammon, R. H. and Bates, T. S.: Reevaluation of the open ocean source of carbonyl sulfide to the atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres, 100(D11), 23083–23092, doi:10.1029/95JD01926, 1995.
Radford-Knȩry, J. and Cutter, G. A.: Biogeochemistry of dissolved hydrogen sulfide species and carbonyl sulfide in the western North Atlantic Ocean, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 58(24), 5421–5431, doi:10.1016/0016-7037(94)90239-9, 1994.
Zepp, R. G. and Andreae, M. O.: Factors affecting the photochemical production of carbonyl sulfide in seawater, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21(25), 2813–2816, doi:10.1029/94GL03083, 1994.
Andreae, M. O. and Ferek, R. J.: Photochemical production of carbonyl sulfide in seawater and its emission to the atmosphere, Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles, 6(2), 175–183, doi:199210.1029/91GB02809, 1992.
Andreae, M. O.: Ocean-atmosphere interactions in the global biogeochemical sulfur cycle, Mar. Chem., 30, 1–29, doi:10.1016/0304-4203(90)90059-L, 1990.
The CLAW hypothesis: Charlson, R. J., Warren, S. G., Lovelock, J. E. and Andreae, M. O.: Oceanic phytoplankton, atmospheric sulphur, cloud albedo and climate, Nature, 326, 655–661, 1987.